
Texas Energy Report NewsClips
Thursday May 28, 2026
Asterisk (*) denotes news stories that may be inaccessible because portions are behind a paywall
Good morning! Here are today’s Texas Energy Report NewsClips
Oil prices jumped more than 2% on Thursday after Iran’s Revolutionary Guards said they targeted a U.S. airbase in response to a U.S. attack in the port city of Bandar Abbas.
U.S. West Texas Intermediate futures were up $2.26, or 2.55%, at $90.94.
Brent crude futures rose $2.34, or 2.48%, to $96.63 a barrel by 0701 GMT, while the more active August contract gained $2.24 or 2.43%, to $94.49. The July contract is set to expire on Friday.
Both benchmarks slipped more than 5% to touch their lowest in a month in the previous session on the possibility of a U.S.-Iran deal to end their war and reopen the Strait of Hormuz.
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps said on Thursday it targeted a U.S. airbase after what it described as an early morning U.S. attack near Bandar Abbas airport, Tasnim news agency reported.
It warned that any repeat of what they called aggression would draw a “more decisive” response.
Top Stories
The Guardian – May 27, 2026
Fired BP chair disputes oil company’s claims of poor conduct
The ousted chair of BP, Albert Manifold, has accused the oil company of firing him without warning and disputed reports about his conduct, amid the latest boardroom turmoil to rock the company. In an emailed statement, Manifold said he was “removed without warning and without explanation” by the FTSE 100 company. He added: “I dispute entirely the characterisation of my conduct and I will not allow a false narrative to go unchallenged.”
BP announced Manifold’s departure with immediate effect on Tuesday after less than a year in the role, expressing serious concerns about his governance standards, oversight and conduct. Manifold’s behaviour with different colleagues across the company was described as aggressive, according to reports. Reuters reported that the board received enough information after a whistleblower report to determine a pattern of unacceptable behaviour, according to a source.
_____________________________
Daily Mail – May 27, 2026
Trump threatens to BOMB US ally sparking confusion in wild Cabinet meeting
Donald Trump threatened to bomb a key US ally in the Middle East if they don’t ‘behave’ while responding to a question about who will control the Strait of Hormuz. A reporter asked Trump at a Cabinet meeting on Tuesday whether he was comfortable with Oman, a longtime US ally, helping broker an end to the Iran war, jointly controlling the oil passageway with Tehran. ‘The strait will be open to everybody,’ Trump said before being asked who would control it. ‘Nobody is going to control it… We will watch over it.’
Trump then turned his attention back to Oman, threatening to attack the country. ‘Oman will behave just like everybody else or we’ll have to blow them up. They understand that. They’ll be fine,’ Trump added. It is unclear whether the President misspoke or why he would threaten to attack a Middle Eastern partner. The Daily Mail has contacted the White House for comment. The Strait of Hormuz, which normally carries one-fifth of the world’s oil, has been shut since Iran closed it after US and Israeli airstrikes in late February. The strait’s reopening remains a key sticking point in peace talks. Oman has a history of serving as a friendly mediator between the White House and the Iranian regime. The country helped broker the 2015 Iranian nuclear deal and has acted as a US defense partner in the Middle East since 1980.
_____________________________
May 27, 2026
CenterPoint’s two political action committees (PACs) contributed $2 million to Texas PACs and politicians between 2021 and 2026, with Republican candidates and PACs associated with Republican priorities receiving the lion’s share of funds, according to a review of political contribution filings by the Energy and Policy Institute.
The bulk of the political donations, totaling $1.35 million, went to three Republican PACs: Associated Republicans of Texas, #PROJECTREDTX and the Judicial Fairness PAC. Two of the PACs focus on judicial political campaigns and support Republican candidates in the traditionally blue-leaning local elections of Texas communities near the Mexican border, which is outside of CenterPoint’s service territory. In contrast, Centerpoint’s PACs contributed only $127,848 to left-leaning PACS, most of which focus on minority caucuses in the state legislature, such as the Texas Legislative Black Caucus and the Mexican American Legislative Caucus.
_____________________________
Heatmap – May 22, 2026
Data center backlash is causing a crisis of faith amongst American conservatives over land use, energy abundance, and corporate regulation. The Republican Party — not to mention the politics of AI infrastructure — may never be the same. In the last week, I’ve seen a surge of Republican politicians pushing to temporarily ban data centers in conservative states. In South Carolina, Representative Nancy Mace, a leading GOP gubernatorial primary candidate, called for a statewide moratorium on new data centers. In Texas, the sitting agriculture commissioner Sid Miller proposed the same for the Lone Star State. Ditto in North Dakota where the idea got backing from a GOP primary candidate for a Public Service Commission seat.
I also witnessed a wave of anti-data center sentiment bursting forth online over the last few weeks. Major figures in the online right like Matt Walsh and Tucker Carlson have been posting videos lambasting the pace and practices of the data center boom, joined by a flood of commentary on YouTube and conservative video platforms like Rumble. On X and Facebook, the right has split into factions with figures like Marjorie Taylor Greene siding with activists while other pundits and personalities play data center defense, mocking critics as misinformed and antithetical to free market conservatism.
The Latest TERse Tips
Exxon Mobil will likely move its legal home from New Jersey to Texas after shareholders approved a proposal to do so, according to a preliminary count — KERA
Pentagon puts building blocks in place for Cuba invasion — the Navy’s presence in the Caribbean has not reduced despite the Iran war — Politico
Donald Trump said he was not satisfied with Iran’s proposals to end the war, suggesting that talks were far from being concluded — the US president’s remarks poured cold water on hopes that a deal was close, effectively rejecting the positions that negotiators from both sides had been discussing — The Telegraph
Why Iran’s Leaders Think They’ve Won — an interim deal promises to meet a lot of Iranian demands, but it won’t solve the problems of peace — The Atlantic
Norway overtook Russia as the world’s biggest exporter of gas via pipeline in 2025, reflecting Moscow’s loss of most of its market share in Europe over the past four years — Intellinews
Chevron launched drilling at Egypt’s offshore Narges gas field using the Stena Forth drillship.– CVX aims to raise Eastern Mediterranean production by 50% through expanded drilling campaigns — Egypt views Narges as vital for energy security, LNG exports and reducing fuel imports — Zacks
“University of Houston researchers have achieved a major superconductivity breakthrough by setting a new temperature record for superconductors operating under ambient pressure conditions. The advance could eventually help create more efficient electrical grids, improved energy storage systems, faster electronics, and new technologies for fusion energy and medical imaging” — Science Daily
Spanish multi-energy company Repsol SA has taken its total renewable energy capacity in the United States to over 2 GW with the start of commercial operation of the 825-MW Pinnington solar farm in Texas — Renewables Now
SpaceX says it will build a 10 GW solar manufacturing plant in Bastrop County near Austin — Mercom
Tesla is ready to resurrect its long-awaited Roadster at Gigafactory Texas, execs say — the next generation of what Tesla calls a 250 mph electric supercar is headed for production in Texas, two company leaders said — Austin American-Statesman*
Oil & Gas Texas
Oil Price – May 22, 2026
AI Could Unlock $500 Billion for Oil and Gas Producers by 2030
Digitalization and artificial intelligence (AI) will create close to $500 billion in cumulative value for E&P companies between 2026 and 2030, according to Rystad Energy estimates. This value is captured through cost reductions from more efficient operations, production increases from higher uptime and increased recovery, and compressed development timelines.
Cost reductions and production increases are the largest value pools and contribute roughly equally through 2030. Exploration and production (E&P) players currently investing in digital and AI are expected to capture an additional value of $80 billion per annum in 2030 compared to 2025.
_____________________________
Reuters – May 25, 2026
ExxonMobil seeks environmental approval for new offshore project in Guyana*
Exxon Mobil has applied to Guyana’s Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for authorization to develop the Haimara gas-condensate discovery in the offshore Stabroek block, the agency said on Sunday. The project would be the consortium’s ninth development in the block.
-
The project’s scope includes well drilling and completion, installation of subsea equipment and flowlines, and the commissioning of a newly built floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel.
-
The EPA determined the project requires a full environmental impact assessment before a decision can be made.
-
The agency cited potential significant, long-term environmental and socioeconomic impacts given the scale and duration of the proposed activity.
_____________________________
South China Post – May 19, 2026
Texans accuse Japan of doing ‘deal with the devil’ by funding US fossil fuel projects
They urged the institutions to halt support for a planned crude oil export facility in Freeport and an expansion of liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure, saying the projects would increase pollution, raise safety risks and lock in fossil fuel dependence.
_____________________________
The Conversation – May 25, 2026
For two years, residents of Corpus Christi, Texas — the city that powers America’s largest oil export hub — have been living under a simple but painful rule: you cannot water your lawn. Not a single drop. The grass is brown, the gardens are wilting, and the frustration is mounting. But this isn’t just about aesthetics. It’s a warning sign of a deeper crisis that could soon force 318,000 people to ration water to just two-thirds of what the average American household uses. And the clock is ticking.
This isn’t a distant problem in a faraway desert. Corpus Christi is the nerve center of America’s energy exports. The oil and gas industry here consumes massive amounts of water for drilling, refining, and export operations. Meanwhile, the same water supply is running dry for the people who live and work here. The conflict between industrial water use and residential needs is reaching a breaking point. If the city declares a water emergency in December 2026 — as officials warn is possible without significant rainfall — every household will be limited to 6,000 gallons per month. That’s barely enough for basic hygiene, cooking, and drinking, let alone any outdoor use. The emotional and economic toll on families could be devastating.
_____________________________
Forbes – May 24, 2026
How Corpus Christi Became America’s Top Energy Export Hub: Robert Rapier
Despite all the infrastructure along the coast, the real engine behind Corpus Christi’s rise remains the Permian Basin. Production continues to grow, but the nature of that growth has changed. The early shale years were defined by aggressive expansion. Today, capital discipline and consolidation dominate, with larger operators focusing on efficiency and long-term returns.
That shift has increased the importance of reliable export capacity. These companies are planning further out, and they need confidence that their barrels can reach global markets without disruption. At the same time, constraints are beginning to re-emerge. Pipeline capacity is once again becoming a limiting factor. As Britton noted, significantly expanding exports from current levels will require additional takeaway infrastructure.
_____________________________
Yahoo! News – May 23, 2026
Major oil group claps back at Gavin Newsom’s Chevron attack with reality check about gov’s driving
A major oil group slammed Gavin Newsom for his chauffeured rides after the governor urged Californians to avoid filling up at Chevron stations in a spiteful dig at the gas giant. On Thursday, Newsom ripped into Chevron with a “pro tip” claiming the company’s “branded” blend costs drivers more at the pump compared to “unbranded” gas. The attack came after clips went viral showing signs at Chevron stations telling drivers that state policies are to blame for California having the highest gas prices in the nation.
After Newsom’s outburst, the US Oil & Gas Association came over the top by bringing up Newsom’s own driving habits — or lack thereof. “Pro tip: Don’t take Pro tips from a Politician who hasn’t driven himself anywhere since 2004,” the group wrote in a post on X Thursday that had gotten nearly 100,000 views.
Oil & Gas National & International
E&E News By Politico
Oil industry allies swarm Supreme Court to shield companies from climate suits*
The Trump administration, Republican senators, nearly 100 representatives and 27 red states joined forces on behalf of the oil and gas industry Thursday, urging the Supreme Court to block local governments from suing fossil fuel producers for climate change. Allies of energy producers — including several “dark money” groups with conservative backing — along with the American Petroleum Institute and former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley, filed more than two dozen “friend of the court” briefs on behalf of oil companies.
The legal show of force for the industry comes a week after Exxon Mobil and Canada’s Suncor Energy outlined their arguments in Suncor v. Boulder, a blockbuster climate case the Supreme Court will decide next term. Exxon, Suncor and others have asked the justices to overturn a 2025 Colorado Supreme Court ruling allowing a lawsuit filed against the companies by the city and county of Boulder, Colorado, to proceed in state court. The suit is one of dozens from local governments seeking compensation from fossil fuel companies for the costs of dealing with climate change. The companies contend the lawsuits could cost them billions of dollars, if successful.
Yahoo! News – May 26, 2026
Pembina Pipeline Corp. says it’s going ahead with its $570-million Heartland extraction plant project. The 750-million-cubic-feet-per-day straddle plant will extract natural gas liquids under Pembina’s extraction rights on the Yellowhead Pipeline. It is expected to enter service in late 2029. Pembina has also signed a long-term agreement at the Heartland project to supply Dow with ethane beginning in late 2029, scaling to 22,500 barrels per day by the end of 2030.
In connection with the deal, Pembina and Dow have amended the terms of an earlier deal that will now see Pembina supply 35,000 bpd of ethane commencing with the start up of Dow’s Path2Zero project, which is expected to enter service in 2029.
_____________________________
CNBC – May 27, 2026
Energy inflation tied to the war in Iran has lasted longer than expected, creating a “stagflationary shock” for Asian economies, Chicago Federal Reserve President Austan Goolsbee said Thursday. Speaking to CNBC’s Kaori Enjoji at the Bank of Japan-IMES Conference, Goolsbee said that initial estimates in the futures markets had expected energy prices to be “a lot lower” than current levels.
While oil prices have eased recently on signs of progress in U.S.-Iran peace talks, prices remain well above levels seen before the war. Brent crude futures, the international benchmark, gained over 1.81% to $96 per barrel, while the West Texas Intermediate futures gained 1.71% to $90.21 per barrel. That compares with $72 price for Brent, and $67.02 for WTI the day before the U.S. and Israel launched strikes on Iran.
_____________________________
The Wall Street Journal – May 27, 2026
How Long Can Iran Withstand the Economic Pain of the U.S. Blockade?*
At the turn of the year, Iran’s regime faced its biggest protests in years as anger spread over spiraling prices and a crumbling economy. Thousands were killed in a vicious crackdown. Now, battered by war and suffocated by a U.S. naval blockade, the country is in even worse shape as Washington presses Tehran into a deal to reopen the Strait of Hormuz, leaving its leaders weighing whether they can withstand the pain long enough to extract more concessions. Already, the blockade has choked off oil export revenue and raised the risk that Iran will have to shut down wells as it runs out of places to store crude. Iranian officials are urging people to conserve fuel, electricity and water—a sign that the economic squeeze is spreading from oil terminals and factories into daily life. Critical industries have been damaged. More than a million Iranians have been left out of work as the national currency falls to record lows.
Prices of staples such as rice, meat, bread and cheese have risen sharply in recent weeks, adding to the burden on Iranian households and raising the pressure on the government to prevent a repeat of the last wave of street protests. Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian and other pragmatists realize the slide will have to be stemmed if they are to maintain stability, meaning the worsening economic picture is becoming a key pressure point in the negotiations with Washington. “The main war is in the economic field,” Pezeshkian told members of the Tehran Chamber of Commerce Wednesday. “If you fail, the country fails.” If the conflict continues, Iran “will move into a more negative economic trajectory that will be very difficult to recover from,” said Esfandyar Batmanghelidj, chief executive of the economics-focused think tank the Bourse & Bazaar Foundation. “So the incentives are there for Iran to negotiate.”
The Trump administration’s initial goal is to secure an agreement with Iran to reopen the Strait of Hormuz and free up the flow of oil and gas to the world economy in exchange for easing or ending the American blockade on Iran’s ports. If that deal came together, it would give negotiators more time to reach a final agreement that would tackle thornier issues surrounding sanctions relief and Iran’s nuclear program. Iran’s hard-line rulers aren’t willing to concede much to secure a deal. They are eager to deter future attacks and are loath to let the U.S. and Israel come out of the war thinking they won. But the government is also eager to secure financial relief after the U.S. blockade deepened the economic crisis, according to Iranian and Arab officials. One Iranian official said the economy had held up earlier in the war, as oil exports and imports of basic goods continued. That changed, the official said, after Washington began stopping vessels from entering and leaving Iranian terminals.
_____________________________
Fortune – May 24, 2026
Alaska’s oil revival sparks a new energy rush Into the Arctic
When John Kurz left Alaska’s North Slope in 2009, he was staring at a grim future for what had once been the country’s premiere oil field. Crude production had plummeted to 567,000 barrels per day, barely more than a quarter of the roughly 2 million barrels pumped daily at the field’s peak two decades earlier. The decline stoked concerns that the Trans Alaska Pipeline System, built to carry the state’s oil bounty to the continental US, might stop operating. Engineers even worried that slow-moving crude would congeal inside the pipeline, creating waxy buildup that could turn TAPS into the world’s biggest tube of ChapStick.
“The industry was dying,” said Kurz, who at the time was BP Plc’s senior operations manager for Greater Prudhoe Bay. “We could see the end of TAPS coming.” Kurz fled Alaska for more promising opportunities overseas, but he was beckoned back in 2023 to run Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., overseeing the same pipeline whose future had looked so bleak 14 years before. He’s not the only one. Alaska has seen a resurgence of oil industry interest — and investment — driven by discoveries suggesting the state’s crude potential is far greater than previously expected and helped by more accommodating policies from the Trump administration.
_____________________________
Anchorage Daily News – May 21, 2026
Glenfarne CEO says Alaska LNG financing hinges on tax legislation
As a special legislative session kicked off Thursday in Juneau, the developer of the Alaska LNG megaproject said it’s working toward completing the financing arrangements needed to make a final investment decision to move into construction. Glenfarne chief executive Brendan Duval said that a decision on construction of the 800-mile pipeline, to deliver natural gas to Southcentral Alaska, could take place within four months.
But the financing is contingent in part on the Legislature approving a favorable tax agreement, he said, plus approval from the Regulatory Commission of Alaska for a gas purchase agreement with Enstar, Southcentral Alaska’s gas company, that’s still being finalized.
Utilities, Electricity & Renewables
Data Center Knowledge – May 27, 2026
Texas May Have Accidentally Built the Perfect Grid for AI
Texas did not build the Competitive Renewable Energy Zones, or CREZ, for AI. But the massive transmission corridors constructed nearly two decades ago to move West Texas wind power across the state’s main power grid, operated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas, or ERCOT, may now be shaping where hyperscale compute can realistically scale.
Today, ERCOT is facing an explosion of AI-related power requests as hyperscale developers pursue regions with existing transmission capacity capable of supporting multi-gigawatt campuses. In Texas, that search is increasingly concentrating attention around the same West Texas transmission corridors created during the CREZ buildout – a multibillion-dollar effort completed in the early 2010s to connect remote wind resources to Texas population centers.
_____________________________
Austin American-Statesman – May 27, 2026
Why Austin Energy customers saw fewer outages during Tuesday’s storms*
Tuesday night’s storm was an easy one for Austin Energy, with too few outages to push the utility into the kind of storm-response mode it used after more damaging weather earlier this month. The utility never had more than a few hundred customers without power at one time as storms moved through the area late Tuesday and early Wednesday, according to Austin Energy spokesperson Matt Mitchell. Most of the outages happened between about 11 p.m. and 1 a.m., he said.
The storm came after forecasters warned Austin could see damaging wind, hail, lightning and heavy rain as storms moved toward the Interstate 35 corridor late Tuesday. The National Weather Service had Travis County under a flood watch through Wednesday morning, with recent rain making the area more vulnerable to quick runoff and street flooding. The outages that did happen were mostly at the circuit level, meaning crews were often able to check the equipment and restore power quickly. Mitchell said some customers were back online within about 15 minutes, and most were restored within 30 minutes.
_____________________________
San Antonio Express-News – May 27, 2026
Tesla’s first Texas Megachargers may be coming to San Antonio. What to know
The very first Tesla Megachargers in Texas could be built in South Texas and near the border as the electric vehicle brand owned by Elon Musk looks to launch its long-awaited EV semi-truck fleet across the country. Tesla is investing heavily in building its electric-powered freight trucking brand, Semi, including establishing charging stations all over the country. Part of that effort includes a new partnership to install dozens of Megacharger stations at Pilot Travel Centers, which owns and operates more than 750 truck stops across the United States and Canada. And the very first Megachargers to be built in Texas could be built in San Antonio, Laredo, according to the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR). And a third Megacharger site could soon be installed at a Swift Stop in Houston.
Earlier this year, Jason Gies, Tesla Semi’s head of business development, announced the Megacharger partnership with Pilot on LinkedIn. In February, Gies unveiled a map that showed dozens of potential Megacharger locations across the United States, including about 19 spots in Texas listed as “coming soon.” “You can see Megachargers and coming soon sites forming a backbone across the country. Chicago is becoming a real anchor. The Southeast is filling in. Corridors are starting to connect, not just scatter pins,” Gies said on LinkedIn.
_____________________________
The Wall Street Journal – May 27, 2026
Nuclear Power Startup Newcleo to Go Public in SPAC Deal*
Nuclear power developer Newcleo said Wednesday that it plans to go public through a merger with a blank-check company in a deal valuing it at about $2.4 billion. The Paris-based company, which operates in seven countries including the U.S., says the merger would support its entry into the American power market and fund existing projects in Europe. Newcleo would be the latest in a series of nuclear-power developers to go public as the once-stagnant industry benefits from a surge in public popularity and a rise in electricity demand. Tech companies are on the hunt for new power supplies for artificial intelligence and have landed on nuclear power as a future solution.
Newcleo has agreed to merge with New York-based special-purpose acquisition company NewHold Investment Corp III in a deal that is expected to close in the second half of the year. The merged company will trade on the Nasdaq under the ticker NWCL. Newcleo has raised more than $780 million since its founding in 2021. The companies expect gross proceeds of more than $420 million, funded by a combination of cash in NewHold’s trust account and an anchored private investment in public equity. That funding could carry the company through 2028 or 2029, said Newcleo Chief Executive and founder Stefano Buono, even if it accelerates licensing and construction in the U.S. Newcleo has more than 900 employees.
_____________________________
Amarillo Globe News – May 21, 2026
The anti-energy movement has turned its sights on AI: RRC Commissioner Wayne Christian
How many times over the last fifty years have Americans been told we were running out of oil, food, or water? Alarmists have repeatedly predicted imminent collapse and scarcity. We were told the world was running out of fossil fuels. We were told economic growth was unsustainable. We were told mankind had reached its limits.Yet time and time again, those predictions failed for one simple reason: they ignored the power of human innovation.
America did not become the greatest economic power in human history by embracing decline, fear, or scarcity. We built railroads across continents, pipelines across states, power plants that electrified cities, and industries that transformed the modern world. That spirit of American exceptionalism built Texas, and it is the same spirit that must guide us as we enter the next technological revolution.
_____________________________
NPR – May 21, 2026
Environmental justice raised over data centers targeting rural NM
A massive data center proposed for southern New Mexico received local pushback but the federal government has nonetheless stepped in to push the project through. Ean Tafoya, vice president of state programs for the advocacy group GreenLatinos, said environmental justice is a major reason communities object to data centers because artificial intelligence developers want to locate them in areas already experiencing poor health and economic disparities.
Project Jupiter in Santa Teresa will create a huge need for water and energy while generating substantial emissions. The $165 billion project was halted over pipeline permitting until the Bureau of Land Management granted expedited permission. “You basically have a power plant being built to serve one industry that’s not regulated in the same way as other utilities,” Tafoya explained. “We’re saying, ‘Hey, just because you’re bringing your own energy, it needs to be clean energy.'”
_____________________________
Power Magazine – May 27, 2026
Spearmint Energy Secures $450 Million in Financing for Texas BESS Project
Florida-headquartered Spearmint Energy said it has closed a financing package of $450 million to support a standalone battery energy storage system (BESS) installation in Texas. The company earlier in May said the funding supports Red Egret, a 300-MW/600-MWh BESS in Texas City, located southeast of Houston.
The company on May 21 said the financing package includes a construction facility, an Investment Tax Credit (ITC) transfer, and preferred equity. The Red Egret installation is already under construction.
Regulatory
JD Supra – May 11, 2026
Federal Energy Priorities Reset the Rules for US Permitting: Morgan Lewis
Natural gas is expected to play a central role in meeting near-term electricity demand, particularly as a reliable generation source supporting grid stability. This has renewed focus on pipeline and liquefied natural gas (LNG) infrastructure. At the federal level, FERC and the US Department of Energy (DOE) share responsibility for permitting. FERC oversees interstate pipeline infrastructure and LNG facilities, while DOE authorizes gas imports and exports, with differing standards depending on whether trade involves free trade agreement partners.
The permitting process has traditionally been lengthy, often taking one to two years or more, largely due to environmental review requirements. However, current policy direction emphasizes a “build now” and “move faster” approach. FERC has reported that it has reduced permitting timelines significantly, including shortening NEPA review periods and accelerating decision-making without, in its view, compromising analytical quality. This reflects a broader effort to take a hard look at simplifying existing processes.