.The Texas Energy Report

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.The Texas Energy Report

January Texas Crude Tax Income Down 18% Y/Y

February 3, 2026 — The State of Texas received 18-percent less in Crude Oil Production Taxes for the month of January when compared to a year ago, according to the latest figures from the state comptroller’s office.

The natural gas production tax, however, was up 9-percent, reflecting the increased value of gas partially caused by the boom in LNG.

The crude severance tax produced $384 million for the state, down 18-percent from January 2025.

The natural gas tax gathered $189…
 

Texas Could Become Leader in Another Clean Technology

Texas is a national leader in all types of energy, including not only oil and gas, but solar, wind, and nuclear; the state produces more of these types of energy than any other — but now there’s geothermal energy.

What’s geothermal? It’s the extraction of heat from underground that can produce electricity in a way that’s much cheaper than most energy generation and is easy to harness if done correctly.

The idea, oversimplified, is to dig a hole in the ground and you’ll eventually get to enough heat that will produce steam and hot water, which can be used to generate power….
 

RRC Reports on Winter Weather Readiness

December 22, 2025 — The Railroad Commission of Texas is taking important steps to help ensure adequate natural gas supply to keep Texans safe this winter season. These include important weatherization inspections of critical natural gas facilities currently being conducted throughout the state by the Critical Infrastructure Division.

As part of the agency’s commitment to protecting Texans during extreme weather events, CID conducted more than 7,400 inspections of natural gas facilities for weatherization preparedness in FY25 and has already begun work on the FY26 Extreme Cold Inspection Schedule. For the new fiscal year, CID has inspected 100% of Tier One facilities, which are critical components of gas supply. Tier One facilities are oil and gas leases that produce more than 5 million cubic feet of gas daily, gas processing plants, underground gas storage facilities and natural gas pipelines that directly connect to electricity generation plants.

To further strengthen preparedness, CID recently hosted a tabletop exercise with operators. The session provided guidance on inspection readiness, emergency management practices and weather‑related resources to ensure operators have the tools and knowledge needed as Texas …
 

ERCOT Announces Strategic Organizational Changes to Support Grid Reliability, Rapid Demand Growth, and Innovation: ERCOT

From ERCOT:

December 12, 2025 — The Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc. (ERCOT) today announced a series of strategic organizational changes designed to accelerate innovation, strengthen grid reliability, and support the unprecedented growth in electric demand across Texas. Two new ERCOT organizations— Interconnection and Grid Analysis and Enterprise Data and Artificial Intelligence (AI)—will formally launch in January 2026.

“Texans expect a grid that is reliable, resilient, and ready for the future,” said Pablo Vegas, ERCOT President and CEO. “By strengthening our data foundation, modernizing our interconnection processes, and aligning our teams around emerging technologies, ERCOT is building an organization that is faster, innovation oriented, and better positioned to serve Texans for years to come.”

Interconnection and Grid Analysis

ERCOT continues to be at the forefront of a worldwide transformation in how electric grids produce and deliver electricity. The new Interconnection and Grid Analysis organization will better support the rapid increases in large loads and generation resources seeking grid interconnection and enable further advancements in grid analytics.

To lead this effort, Jeff Billo has been promoted to Vice President of Interconnection and Grid Analysis. Jeff will oversee generation interconnection, large load interconnection, stability analysis, and stability model validation efforts. Jeff will report to Woody Rickerson, Senior Vice President and Chief Operating Officer.

Enterprise Data and Artificial Intelligence

High-quality, well-governed data is the foundation…
 

U.S. associated natural gas production increased 6% in 2024

annual natural gas production in major U.S. crude oil producing regions

Data source: Enverus Drillinginfo
Note: For consistency, the various state pressure bases used to measure natural gas volumes have been converted to the federal pressure base of 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) and 60°F.

U.S. production of associated dissolved natural gas, also known as associated natural gas, increased by 6% last year, mirroring the growth in crude oil production from the Permian region. Associated natural gas production averaged 18.5 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) in 2024, according to data from Enverus DrillingInfo.

Associated natural gas, which is natural gas produced by wells that predominantly produce oil, comes mainly from five major oil producing regions in the…
 

Texas Tech to Enhance Grid Flexibility Through $1.25 Million Google Investment

From Texas Tech University:

Texas Tech University’s Global Laboratory for Energy Asset Management & Manufacturing (GLEAMM) has received $1.25 million in funding from Google’s philanthropy Google.org to advance research on artificial intelligence (AI) data center load management and electric grid flexibility. Google’s support is part of a $40 billion investment in Texas announced last week by Alphabet and Google CEO Sundar Pichai and Governor Greg Abbott.

The project addresses a critical challenge: AI workloads consume 10-100 megawatts per facility, creating significant stress on electric grids during peak demand periods. The research will explore how computational loads can be scheduled, modulated or geographically shifted to support grid flexibility while integrating renewable energy and energy storage.

Texas Tech is uniquely positioned to address these emerging challenges, combining proximity to several very large data center projects on the South Plains with access to diverse power sources, including substantial wind and solar generation, as well as world-class expertise and infrastructure at GLEAMM.

“Powering the next era of AI requires both world-class infrastructure and a resilient electric grid,” said Robert Barron-Pryce, Google.org Giving Manager at Google. “As part of our broader investment in Texas, we’re proud to support the work Texas Tech is doing to directly…
 

RRC Says Texas Granted Primacy Over Class VI Wells

From The Railroad Commission of Texas:

Click here for frequently asked questions on the importance and processes of primacy

“The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has announced that it has approved the State of Texas’ application and will be granting Class VI Underground Injection Control (UIC) primacy to the state.

“This approval will give the Railroad Commission of Texas primary enforcement authority for Class VI wells, which are used for the injection of carbon dioxide into deep underground rock formations for permanent storage.

“This approval by the EPA recognizes RRC’s expertise to add Class VI wells to our UIC program, to continue our work of protecting Texans and our natural resources,” said Wei Wang, RRC Executive Director. “Additionally, primacy will streamline the application process and provide the regulatory certainty that is critical to Texas, which is one of the most productive energy regions in the world.”

The RRC has a long history of regulating various classes of injection wells, providing strong oversight and protecting underground sources of drinking water, and its UIC program has been commended by the EPA Region 6 during annual evaluations.

“Approving Texas’ request to be in charge of this critical program is a big step forward for cooperative federalism—as big as the state of Texas,” said Regional Administrator Scott Mason. “The Texas Railroad Commission has demonstrated that the state is ready..
 

Texas A&M Researchers Develop Metallic Gel That Could Transform Batteries

November 7, 2025 — Researchers at Texas A&M University have developed the first known metallic gel. Unlike everyday gels, like those used in hand sanitizers, hair products or soft contact lenses, this new material is made entirely of metals and can withstand extreme heat. The discovery could be a game changer for energy storage. 

The gel is created by mixing two metal powders. When heated, one metal melts into a liquid, while the other stays solid and forms a microscopic scaffold. The liquid metal remains trapped inside this structure, creating a gel-like material that looks solid but contains liquid within.

Everyday gels are semi-solid materials containing an organic backbone holding liquids in place at room temperature. Unlike them, metallic gels require very high temperatures, which, depending on the metals used, can be around 1,000 degrees Celsius or 1,832 degrees Fahrenheit.

“Metallic gels have never been reported before, probably because no one thought liquid metals could be supported by an internal ultrafine skeleton,” said Dr. Michael J. Demkowicz, a professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, who led the research. “What’s surprising in this case is that when the majority component — copper — was melted into liquid, it didn’t just collapse into a puddle. That’s what pure copper would have done,” he said.

Metallic gels made from highly reactive metals with strong electrical attraction, known as electronegativity, can be used as electrodes in liquid metal batteries (LMBs). In simple terms, these metals are very reactive and easily bond with other materials, which helps the battery work efficiently.

LMBs are special types of batteries that store and release large amounts of electrical energy. Instead of using solid materials like most batteries, they use layers of liquid metal. Because the parts are liquid, they do not wear out as quickly as regular batteries.

So far, LMBs have mainly been used in large stationary systems, such as backup power for building applications that need to keep running during a power outage. They have not been used in moving systems because the liquid inside shifts when the battery moves. This can cause a short circuit, which…
 

ERCOT Partners with Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station to Research Large Loads

November 5, 2025 — The Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Inc. (ERCOT) today announced that it is partnering with the Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station (TEES) to develop detailed generic dynamic models of large loads—such as data centers, crypto, and electrolyzers—and how these loads change their power output during and after a period of grid disturbances (e.g., faults and other power quality events). The partnership is part of ERCOT’s recently announced Grid Research, Innovation, and Transformation (GRIT) program.

“Most of the large loads range from tens to hundreds of megawatts and are based on power electronics technology,” said Prashant Kansal, ERCOT Director of Grid Transformation. “This represents a similar shift to what has been seen in the change from conventional generation to inverter-based generation—only at a much larger scale for loads and will introduce complexities and new ways in which large load interacts with the grid.”

With the significant growth of large loads on the grid, ERCOT is collaborating with TEES to accelerate the development of generic models for various conceptual studies, gain a better understanding of plant-level characteristics, and benchmark models in the lab.

“It is critical to accurately model large load behavior during and immediately after grid disturbances to understand grid stability, which drives how…
 

Texans Struggle with Rising Energy Costs Amid Grid Strain, New UH-TSU Survey Finds

Key Takeaways from this artlcle:

  • Nearly one-third of Texans face high energy burdens, with low-income, minority, and rural communities disproportionately affected due to aging homes and inefficient infrastructure.
  • Rising utility costs, grid upgrades, and new industrial demands like data centers threaten to worsen affordability and reliability across the state.
  • While conservation and clean energy is a potential solution, public understanding is low and opinions are deeply divided along partisan lines, highlighting a need for broader education and policy focus on both supply and demand.

October 28, 2025 —  Texans face growing energy inequality as vulnerable communities, including those along the Gulf Coast, endure high energy burdens, rising utility costs and aging homes, according to a new survey by the University of Houston and Texas Southern University.

The statewide survey, conducted by UH’s Hobby School of Public Affairs and TSU’s Executive Master of Public Administration program in the Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs, builds on earlier findings showing widespread anxiety over energy affordability and grid reliability. This has intensified as extreme weather, population growth and new energy demands strain the state’s energy system.

“One of the main things that we’ve been finding in our surveys is that people are concerned about cost of living, and energy costs have become an important component of that because they are expenses that households cannot easily reduce,” said Pablo Pinto, director of UH’s Center for Public Policy and Hobby School professor. “It’s no surprise these issues are front of mind for so many families.”

Nearly 45% of households pay over $200 a month on average for summer electricity. About one-third of Texans spend 7% or more of their income on energy — surpassing the high energy burden threshold of 6%.

Michael O. Adams, director of the Executive Master of Public Administration graduate program at TSU, noted that “the report highlights the growing concern among many Texans about their rising electricity bills, which are consuming a larger and larger share of their household income, especially during the peak-use summer months.”

Low-income, minority and rural communities are most affected, largely due to older housing, inefficient infrastructure and limited financial flexibility. Urban households, by comparison, benefit from more efficient housing and higher average incomes.

Texas counties in large urban centers, including the Greater Houston area, Dallas, Austin and San Antonio, show moderate energy burdens ranging from 3%-6% of their monthly income. 

Energy burdens are highest in southern…
 

ERCOT Increasingly Meets Rising Demand with Solar, Wind, and Batteries: EIA

ERCOT electricity demand

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook
Note: This data set shows demand in the electric power industry only. ERCOT=Electric Reliability Council of Texas

Since 2021, electricity demand within the Texas electricity grid operated by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) has steadily increased. In the first nine months of 2025, electricity demand in ERCOT, which manages about 90% of the state’s load, reached a record high compared with the same period in previous years. Over those same months, ERCOT had the fastest electricity demand growth among U.S. electricity grids between 2024 and 2025. From January through September 2025, demand for electric power in ERCOT increased 5% compared with the same period in 2024 to 372 terawatthours (TWh), 23% more than the same months in 2021. Since 2023, wind and solar generation, especially utility-scale solar, have been the fastest-growing sources of electricity in ERCOT and are increasingly meeting rising demand.

Utility-scale solar generated 45 TWh of electricity in the first nine months of 2025, 50% more than the same period in 2024 and nearly four times more than the same period in 2021, when utility-scale solar only produced 11 TWh. Wind generation through the first nine months of this year totaled 87 TWh, up 4% compared with the same period in 2024 and 36% since the same period in 2021. Together, wind and solar generation met 36% of ERCOT’s electricity demand in the first nine months of 2025.

ERCOT electricity generation by source January to September

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook
Note: The other category includes nuclear, hydroelectric, biomass, batteries, and other nonrenewable sources. ERCOT=Electric Reliability Council of Texas

Natural gas-fired generation also increased after 2021 but flattened more recently. Natural gas-fired generation between January and September increased to 161 TWh in 2023, 24% more than the same period in 2021. Since 2023, natural gas-fired generation remained relatively flat, totaling 158 TWh between January and September 2025. Although it is still the largest source of electricity for ERCOT, natural gas-fired generation averaged 43% in the first nine months of 2025, compared with 47% in the first nine months of 2023 and 2024.

The types of energy sources used for electricity generation can vary on an hourly basis, especially during the summer. Solar output is highest during midday hours, and the increased availability of solar generation in ERCOT in recent years has reduced the need for natural gas-fired generation during that time of the day. Solar generators in ERCOT produced an average of 24 gigawatts (GW) between noon…
 

North America’s LNG Export Capacity Could More Than Double by 2029: EIA

north america's liquefied natural gas export capacity by project

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Liquefaction Capacity File, and trade press
Note: Export capacity shown is project’s baseload capacity. Online dates of LNG export projects under construction are estimates based on trade press and do not reflect expectations for projects ramping to full production following initial shipment. LNG=liquefied natural gas; FLNG=floating liquefied natural gas

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) exporters in the United States have announced plans to more than double U.S. liquefaction capacity, adding an estimated 13.9 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) between 2025 and 2029, according to our Liquefaction Capacity File and trade press reports. The United States is already the largest exporter in the world with 15.4 Bcf/d of capacity.

More broadly, LNG export capacity in North America is on track to increase from 11.4 Bcf/d at the beginning of 2024 to 28.7 Bcf/d in 2029, if projects currently under construction begin operations as planned. Exporters in Canada and Mexico have announced plans to add 2.5 Bcf/d and 0.6 Bcf/d of capacity over the same period, respectively. North American export capacity additions will total over 50% of expected global additions through 2029, according to the International Energy Agency.

north america liquefied natural gas export facilities, existing and under construction

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Liquefaction Capacity File, and trade press
Note: Bcf/d=billion cubic feet per day; LNG=liquefied natural gas; FLNG=floating liquefied natural gas

United States: The planned liquefaction capacity additions will be concentrated around the U.S. Gulf Coast, already the largest hub for LNG exports in the Atlantic Basin. To supply these terminals, new pipeline projects will be built to transport natural gas from production areas. However, pipeline construction delays remain a supply risk for new terminals. Plaquemines LNG Phase 1 shipped its first cargo in December 2024. Plaquemines LNG Phase 2 and Corpus Christi Stage III began shipping cargoes earlier in 2025, but they have not yet begun commercial operation. Five additional LNG export projects in the United States have reached final investment decision (FID) and are currently under construction:

  • Port Arthur LNG Phase 1 (1.6 Bcf/d)
  • Rio Grande LNG (2.1 Bcf/d)
  • Woodside Louisiana LNG (2.2 Bcf/d)
  • Golden Pass LNG (2.1 Bcf/d)
  • CP2 Phase 1 (2.0 Bcf/d)

Canada: On July 1, LNG Canada—the nation’s first LNG export terminal—shipped its first cargo from Train 1 after achieving first LNG production in late June. LNG Canada, located in British Columbia, can produce a combined 1.84 Bcf/d from two liquefaction trains (0.9 Bcf/d per train), and the facility is anticipated to reach full capacity…
 

U.S. Ethane Exports are Expected to Grow Through 2026: EIA

Monthly U.S. ethane exports and capacity

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook, October 2025
Note: Export capacity includes total flexport capacity, which includes other hydrocarbon gas liquid export capacity.

U.S. ethane exports are poised for significant growth through 2026, driven by robust global demand for ethane as a petrochemical feedstock, substantial U.S. export capacity expansions, and larger vessels to carry ethane exports. In our October Short-Term Energy Outlook, we forecast U.S. ethane net exports will grow 14% in 2025, followed by a 16% rise in 2026. The United States does not import ethane.

Ethane, a natural gas liquid primarily extracted from raw natural gas during processing, is a critical component in the petrochemical sector. It’s mainly used as a feedstock to produce ethylene, which is used to make a wide range of products including plastics, resins, and synthetic rubber.

The expansion of U.S. ethane export infrastructure supports export growth. Energy Transfer commissioned its Nederland facility in Texas in the second quarter of 2025 (2Q25), with capacity to export 250,000 barrels per day (b/d) of either ethane or propane. Energy Transfer will also expand its Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, terminal by 20,000 b/d at the end of 2025. In July, Enterprise commissioned the Neches River ethane terminal in Texas, which has a capacity of 120,000 b/d. The second phase of the Neches River terminal is expected to come online in early 2026, adding 180,000 b/d of capacity. The addition of the Nederland flexport facility and first phase of the Neches River terminal increased U.S. ethane export capacity 16%; the second phase of Neches River terminal will expand it a further 21%.

Developers in the United States are expanding ethane…
 

Texas Used Twice as Much Energy as California and Three Times as Much as Florida in 2023

total energy consumption, top three states

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System
Data values: Total energy consumption by end-use sector and primary energy consumption by source

In 2023, Texas consumed more energy than any other state. Total energy consumption in Texas was twice as much as in California, the second-highest consuming state, and more than three times as much as in Florida, the third-highest consuming state, according to recently released data in our State Energy Data System (SEDS). U.S. total energy use peaked in 2007, and between 2007 and 2023, Texas’s energy consumption increased 21%, while U.S. energy use decreased 5%. According to our SEDS data, most of the energy consumption growth in Texas is attributable to increased industrial activity, population, and electricity demand.

In 2023, energy consumption in Texas was higher than in any other state for every sector. Texas also consumed more coal, natural gas, and petroleum than any other state, and it was second only to California in total renewable energy consumption. In 2023, Texas’s industrial sector alone consumed more energy than all the sectors in California combined, and Texas’s petroleum consumption alone nearly equaled all of California’s energy consumption.

three largest states for total energy consumption in 2023 by sector

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System
Data values: Total energy…
 

Utility-Scale Batteries are More Commonly Used for Price Arbitrage: EIA

 September 23, 2025 — In-brief analysis from the Energy Information Administration:

U.S. utility-scale battery capacity

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Electric Generator Report
Data values: File 3.4—Energy Storage

In our annual survey of power plant activity, we ask operators of utility-scale batteries how they are using their systems, and one use case is increasingly prevalent: price arbitrage. Arbitrage involves buying electricity when prices are relatively low and selling that electricity when prices are high.

Utility-scale battery systems can be used for many applications. In previous years, we asked operators to identify the ways they used their batteries. Common use cases included price arbitrage as well as frequency regulation, excess wind and solar generation, system peak shaving, load management, and more.

Beginning with the 2023 survey, we asked operators to identify the primary use case for their battery system. Last year, operators responded that 66% of all utility-scale battery capacity had arbitrage among its uses and that 41% of the total capacity was primarily used for arbitrage.

primary use case of U.S. utility-scale battery capacity

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Electric Generator Report
Data values: File 3.4—Energy Storage

The next most common use case was frequency regulation…
 

Per Capita Energy-Related CO2 Emissions Decreased in Every State Between 2005 and 2023: EIA

change in per capita carbon dioxide emissions in selected states

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, State Energy Data System
Data values: Per capita CO2 emissions from energy consumption

Per capita CO2 emissions from primary energy consumption decreased in every state from 2005 to 2023, according to recently released data in our State Energy Data System. Total energy-related CO2 emissions in the United States fell 20% over that time, and the population grew by 14%, leading to a 30% decrease in per capita CO2 emissions.

CO2 emissions across the country primarily declined because less coal was burned in the electric power sector. Increased electricity generation from natural gas, which releases about half as many CO2 emissions per unit of energy when combusted as coal, and from non-CO2-emitting wind and solar generation offset the decrease in coal generation. Looking ahead, our Short-Term Energy Outlook forecasts a slight 1% increase in U.S. total CO2 emissions in 2025, in part…
 

Notice to Operators from RRC: New Fees for Certain Environmental Permit Applications

August 27, 2025 — Senate Bill 2122 of the 89th Texas Legislature establishes fees for certain permit applications to store, treat, or dispose of oil and gas wastes in Texas. Effective on September 1, 2025, the Texas Natural Resources Code §91.1013(b) is amended to require that an applicant for certain waste management permits shall submit to the Commission a nonrefundable fee and surcharge[1] with each application as follows:

  • Landfarm, landtreatment, or land application permit or permit amendment: $500 permit fee and a $750 surcharge for a total fee of $1,250.
  • Commercial oil and gas waste separation facility permit: $2,000 permit fee and a $3,000 surcharge for a total fee of $5,000.
  • Amendment to a commercial oil and gas waste separation facility permit: $1,000 permit fee and a $1,500 surcharge for a total fee of…
     

$3.5 Million Fines Levied By Railroad Commission

From the Railroad Commission of Texas

August 20, 2025 — The Railroad Commission of Texas assessed $3,537,354.25 in enforcement docket fines against operators and businesses at the Commissioners’ open meeting on Tuesday. The Commission has primary oversight and enforcement of the state’s oil and gas industry and intrastate pipeline safety.

Master Default Orders for operators that failed to appear at Commission enforcement proceedings can be found on the RRC Hearings Division web page.

Master Agreed Orders in which operators…
 

Are Texas Data Centers Costing Consumers Extra for Electricity?

By Michael Shiloh

 

— Are artificial intelligence, bitcoin mining and other data centers using so much electricity in Texas that it’s going to raise electricity prices for consumers?

Not so far. Although numerous companies have rushed into Texas with data center plans, the red tape has only begun to spin around them, and energy analysts like University of Houston Energy Fellow Ed HIrs say it’s not clear how many of those planned centers will actually see the light of day.

When the rush to build power-hungry data projects began two years…
 

We expect rapid electricity demand growth in Texas and the mid-Atlantic: EIA

July 31, 2025 — 

forecast change in U.S. electricity sales to ultimate customers

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook, July 2025
Data values: U.S. Regional Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers and U.S. Regional Electricity Generation, Electric Power Sector

In our most recent Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), we forecast nationwide U.S. retail electricity sales to ultimate customers will grow at an annual rate of 2.2% in both 2025 and 2026, compared with average growth of 0.8% between 2020 and 2024. The forecast reflects rapid electricity demand growth in Texas and several mid-Atlantic states, where the grid is managed by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) and the PJM Interconnection, respectively. We expect electricity demand in ERCOT to grow at an average rate of 11% in 2025 and 2026 while the PJM region grows by 4%.

After relatively little change in U.S. electricity demand between 2005 and 2020, retail sales of electricity have begun growing again, driven by rising demand in the commercial and industrial sectors. Developers have proposed numerous data centers and large manufacturing facilities that could consume significant amounts of electricity, and many of these projects are concentrated in the ERCOT and PJM regions. But, the timing of these facilities’ initial operations remains uncertain.

We publish short-term forecasts for electricity sales to ultimate customers for each of the nine census divisions and for the entire United States. We directly incorporate ERCOT’s and PJM‘s monthly projections for power demand into our sales forecasts for the relevant regions. The portion of the power grid that ERCOT operates is located within the West South Central Census Division, which consists of Texas and three neighboring states: Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Arkansas. In Texas, electricity is delivered to end-use customers by four large investor-owned utilities and several municipal utilities.

sales of electricity to ultimate customers in selected regions

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), July…